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Accounting for Selectivity Bias and Correlation across the Sequence from Elevated Blood Pressure to Hypertension Diagnosis and Treatment

Gordon-Larsen, Penny; Attard, Samantha M.; Howard, Annie Green; Popkin, Barry M.; Zhang, Bing; Du, Shufa; & Guilkey, David K. (2017). Accounting for Selectivity Bias and Correlation across the Sequence from Elevated Blood Pressure to Hypertension Diagnosis and Treatment. American Journal of Hypertension, 31(1), 63-71. PMCID: PMC5861577

Gordon-Larsen, Penny; Attard, Samantha M.; Howard, Annie Green; Popkin, Barry M.; Zhang, Bing; Du, Shufa; & Guilkey, David K. (2017). Accounting for Selectivity Bias and Correlation across the Sequence from Elevated Blood Pressure to Hypertension Diagnosis and Treatment. American Journal of Hypertension, 31(1), 63-71. PMCID: PMC5861577

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BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether efforts to reduce hypertension burden in countries with very high prevalence, would be more effective if directed at hypertension diagnosis vs. treatment. Most analyses do not address bias and correlation across the sequence from elevated blood pressure (BP) to hypertension diagnosis and treatment, leading to potentially misleading findings.
METHODS: Using data spanning 18 years of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 18,926; ages 18-75 years), we used an innovative 3-step, integrated system of equations to predict the sequence from: (i) elevated BP (systolic/diastolic BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg) to (ii) diagnosed hypertension conditional on elevated BP, and to (iii) treatment (medication use) conditional on diagnosis, accounting for measured and unmeasured individual- and community-level confounders at each of the 3 steps. We compared results to separate traditional logistic regression models without control for unmeasured confounding.
RESULTS: Using our 3-step model, elevated BP increased from 12.6% and 8.5% (1991) to 36.8% and 29% (2009) in men and women, respectively, but diagnosis remained under 50%. We found widening disparities in hypertension diagnosis (higher hypertension at lower vs. higher education (difference of 2% in 1991 that widened to 5% in 2009)) and narrowing disparities in education (difference of 6% in 1991 to 4% in 2009) and insurance status (difference of 7% in 1991 to 2% in 2009) for treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Our 3-step model improved model fit over traditionally used models. Our findings highlight serious barriers to hypertension diagnosis in Chinese adults, particularly among men and individuals of low attained education.




JOUR



Gordon-Larsen, Penny
Attard, Samantha M.
Howard, Annie Green
Popkin, Barry M.
Zhang, Bing
Du, Shufa
Guilkey, David K.



2017


American Journal of Hypertension

31

1

63-71








PMC5861577


2603