Sex-Dependent Difference in the Association between Frequency of Spicy Food Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Chinese Adults
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PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to explore the association between frequency of spicy food consumption and risk of hypertension in Chinese adults.
METHODS: Data were extracted from the 2009 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, consisting of 9273 apparently healthy adults. Height, weight, and blood pressure (BP) were measured and diet was assessed with three consecutive 24-h recalls in combination with a weighed food inventory. Frequency of spicy food consumption and degree of pungency in spicy food consumption were self-reported. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or having known hypertension. Multilevel mixed-effects models were constructed to estimate changes in SBP and DBP levels as well as risk of hypertension.
RESULTS: Higher frequency of spicy food consumption was significantly associated with lower SBP and DBP levels and lower risk of hypertension in female participants after adjustment for potential confounders (all P trend < 0.05) and cluster effects at different levels (individual, community, and province). Compared with female participants who did not eat spicy food, the adjusted odds ratios of hypertension were 0.740 (95% CI 0.569, 0.963; P = 0.025) in female participants who consumed usually, and 0.760 (95% CI 0.624, 0.925; P = 0.006) in female participants who ate spicy food with moderate pungency. There was no significant association of spicy food consumption with hypertension in male participants.
CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of spicy food consumption was inversely associated with risk of hypertension in female, but not male adults.
JOUR
He, Tingchao
Wang, Meichen
Tian, Zixing
Zhang, Jian
Liu, Yan
Zhang, Yumei
Wang, Peiyu
Xue, Yong
2018
European Journal of Nutrition
58
6
2449-61
2666